PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATIONAL

Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn, including topics such as student outcomes, the instructional process, individual differences in learning, gifted learners and learning disabilities.This Psychology involves not just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence, but includes the social, emotional and cognitive processes that are involved in learning throughout the entire lifespan. The field of educational psychology incorporates a number of other disciplines.
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. This distinction is however not made in the UK, where the generic term for practitioners is "educational psychologist."
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.

PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORTS

Sports Psychology is the study and application of the attitudes and behaviors of athletes (including team athletes) that impact (either positively or negatively) performance in sports and/or competitive settings.  The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams identify unhealthy attitudes and beliefs, apply mental toughness skills and peak performance strategies to perform at optimal levels.
Sports psychology can help team athletes by enhancing confidence, improving focus, increasing practice efficiency, and building team. We can also help the slumping team identify why performance is below potential and how implementing mental game strategies can positively impact performance.

What is mental game or mental toughness coaching?
Mental Game Coaching (also known as mental toughness training) is the practical aspect of sports psychology.  Mental toughness training helps athletes by working through mental barriers, such as confidence, concentration (focus) or composure related issues.  It requires replacing unhealthy attitudes and beliefs with more healthy ones to achieve peak performance in sports.

What does it mean to be "in the zone"?
Being "in the zone" is desired goal of sports psychology coaching.  It is defined as having a higher level of concentration and being totally engrossed in an endeavor to the point where time almost stands still and outside distractions almost disappear. At some point, whether in sports or not, most people have experienced being so deep into concentration that outside distractions seem to disappear. 
Finding the mental "triggers" that can help an athlete enter the zone and learning to stay in the zone are the prerequisites for any successful athletic performance.

What is the difference between sports psychology training and traditional work with a therapist?Unlike psychotherapy, sports psychology doesn't use couches, prescribe medicines, or work with abnormal behavior. Instead, the goal of mental game coaching and/or sports psychology is  to teach athletes how to be more confident, refine focus, stay composed under pressure, practice more efficiently, and develop better pre-performance routines. The main difference between a mental game coach and a therapist is that mental game coaches work with athletes on sports performance enhancement and not personal challenges (e.g. working through a divorce, coping with an addictive behavior, etc.) or abnormal behavior (e.g. schizophrenia).

What’s the difference between a mental game/ mental toughness coach and an athletic team coach?
The difference between a mental game coach and an athletic team coach really depends on the coach. Great athletic team coaches always help to athlete.COACH PLAY THE VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVERY SPORTS TEAM.They know how to help their teams identify the mental obstacles that hold them back from optimum performance, and how to implement sports psychology strategies to help the team be motivated and confident. A mental game coach specializes on mental skills for peak performance and does not work on technique (e.g. physical skills training)or fitness as would a team coach.

PSYCHOLOGY OF PARANORMAL

Most research into Paranormal Psychology has been experimental. The first Society for Psychical Research was established in London in 1882 by scientists, philosophers, classical scholars, and spiritualists. Despite continued scepticism within the scientific establishment, a chair of parapsychology was established in in 1984 at Edinburgh University, endowed by the Hungarian author Arthur Koestler.

Other societies with similar aims include the American Society of Psychical Research and the Institut Metapsychique in Paris, France. The Parapsychological Association (1957) is a professional association of research workers in this field. In 1927 a parapsychological laboratory was set up under J B RHINE at Duke University, North Carolina, which became an active centre for experimental research. In 1953, the first European professorial chair of parapsychology was founded at the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands. There are studentships in psychical research at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at New College, Oxford. In New York, the Parapsychology Foundation is a centre for publication and for the award of grants for research.

In a typical ESP experiment, subjects are divided into two groups: senders and receivers. Randomly ordered symbols on cards, drawings, or other images are presented one at a time to a sender, and a receiver tries to guess them.

In a PK experiment, the subject tries to cause or influence a physical event, such as the fall of a mechanically released die (making it come up six, for example) or a particular movement of a light appearing in a ring of lamps in a random-event generator (apparatus in which lamps are lit at random by, for example, the emission of electrons from a radioactive source).

Many ingeniously devised experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the existence of psi, the faculty allegedly responsible for such phenomena, but the data are disputable and the evidence, therefore, remains inconclusive. There have also been investigations of recurrent paranormal phenomena such as alleged hauntings, poltergeist manifestations, and mental and physical mediumship.

PSYCHOLOGY OF CHILD

More than two hours a day spent watching television or playing computer games could put a child at greater risk for psychological problems, suggests a new study. British researchers found the effect held regardless of how active kids were during the rest of the day. "We know that physical activity is good for both physical and mental health in children and there is some evidence that screen viewing is associated with negative behaviors," lead researcher Dr. Angie Page of the University of Bristol told Reuters Health in an e-mail. "But it wasn't clear whether having high physical activity levels would 'compensate' for high levels of screen viewing in children." Page and her colleagues studied more than 1,000 kids between the ages of 10 and 11. Over seven days, the children filled out a questionnaire reporting how much time they spent daily in front of a television or computer and answering questions describing their mental state -- including emotional, behavioral, and peer-related problems. Meanwhile, an accelerometer measured their physical activity. The odds of significant psychological difficulties were about 60 percent higher for children spending longer than two hours a day in front of either screen compared with kids exposed to less screen time, the researchers report in the journal Pediatrics. For children with more than two hours of both types of screen time during the day.
According to professor of psychology Rudolph S who has written extensively on the subject, child psychology is the scientific study of children's behavior and development.
Schaffer notes that a child psychologist attempts to describe and explain children's behavior and the way it changes over time and that the aim of child psychology is to assemble an objective knowledge base that can provide insight into both the nature of childhood generally as well as the distinctive charactersitics of individual children.

These notes are according to all great Psychologist

PSYCHOLOGY OF EVOLUTIONARY

Evolutionary Psychology is an open-access peer-reviewed journal that aims to foster communication between experimental and theoretical work on the one hand and historical, conceptual and interdisciplinary writings across the whole range of the biological and human sciences on the other.
Beginning with a historical introduction, the text logically progresses by discussing adaptive problems humans face and ends with a chapter showing how the new field of evolutionary psychology encompasses all branches of psychology. Each chapter is alive with the subjects that most occupy our minds: sex, mating, getting along, getting ahead, friends, enemies, and social hierarchies. Why is child abuse 40 times more prevalent among step-families than biologically intact families? Why, according to one study, did 75% of men but 0% of women consent to have sex with a complete stranger?
According to Leda Cosmides and John Tooby (two of the founders within the field); evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology, whereby knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are employed in research on the structure of the human mind.
Cosmides and Tooby stress that evolutionary psychology is not an area of study, like vision, reasoning, or social behavior, rather, it is a way of thinking about psychology that can be applied to any topic within it.
These notes are according to All Great Psychologist

PSYCHOLOGY OF MILITARY

Military psychology, when defined broadly, can include a vast array of activities in psychological research, assessment, and treatment. Military psychologists may be either soldiers or civilians. The field can encompass every aspect of the human mind that interests the military., but researchers focus on the psychology of military organization, military life, and the psychology of combat.Military psychologists are intimately involved in testing recruits for intelligence and aptitude for military specializations, and helping to find more effective ways of training them. A critical subset of such testing focuses on identifying and optimally training officers and other leaders.
According to Driskell and Olmstead military psychology is a microcosm of all psychology disciplines and as such provides opportunities to psychologists of all persuasions.As a case in point, Mike Mathews (president of the Military Psychology division of The American Psychological Association) notes that members of The Society for Military Psychology include, clinical and counseling psychologists, experimental psychologists, human factor engineers, industrial psychologists and social psychologists.
THESE NOTES ARE ACCORDING TO ALL GREAT PSYCHOLOGIST

PSYCHOLOGY OF POLITICAL

THESE NOTES ARE ACCORDING TO ALL GREAT PSYCHOLOGIST

According to Marta L. Cottam et al POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY is about explaining a range of political behavior from familiar political behavior i.e. voting, to seemingly inconceivable behavior such as mass terror.
The roots of political psychology can be traced back to the 1940s when psychoanalytic research into personality and politics became fashionable. In more recent times, however, political psychologists have tended to embrace the scientific method as a way of understanding and predicting political behaviour and the discipline has grown increasingly important and influential as a result.
many patterns of political behaviors including leadership, group behavior, voting, race, ethnicity, nationalism, political extremism, terrorism, war, and genocide. Text boxes highlight current and historical events to help students see the connection between the world around them and the concepts they are learning. Examples highlight a variety of research methodologies used in the discipline such as experimentation and content analysis.
The "Political Being" is used throughout to remind the reader of the psychological theories and concepts to be explored in each chapter. Introduction to Political Psychology explores some of the most horrific things people do to one another for political purposes, as well as how to prevent and resolve conflict, and how to recover from it. The goal is to help the reader understand the enormous complexity of human behavior and the significant role political psychology can play in improving the human condition.